Fundamento
Carnot limit
No cyclic machine operating between two reservoirs can exceed the reversible performance.
\(\eta_C=1-\frac{T_c}{T_h}\)
ThermoLab · Chapters 6 and 7
Second law, Carnot and entropy
Compares actual performance with the reversible limit and quantifies entropy generation.
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Engineering results
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Engineering directory
13 linked modules on a single calculation base
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01
Appendices A-1 to A-28Universal property interpolator
→02Chapters 1 and 2Pressure, temperature and general energy balance
→03Chapter 3Pure substances and equations of state
→04Chapter 4Energy integrals for closed systems
→05Chapter 5Control volumes and the first law
→06Chapters 6 and 7Second law, Carnot and entropy
→07Chapter 8Exergy, destruction and second-law efficiency
→08Chapter 9Gas power cycles
→09Chapter 10Rankine steam power cycles
→10Chapter 11Refrigeration cycles
→11Chapters 12 and 13Gas mixtures and psychrometrics
→12Chapters 14 and 15Combustion and adiabatic flame temperature
→13Chapters 16 and 17Chemical equilibrium and compressible flow
→Engineering framework
Theory, equations and conditions of use
The first law limits quantities of energy; the second law limits their direction and quality. Carnot sets the reversible ceiling between two reservoirs.
Fundamento
Entropy generation
A real process satisfies Sgen≥0; a negative value points to inconsistent data or signs.
\(S_{gen}=\Delta S_{system}-\sum Q_k/T_k\)
Fundamento
Ideal gas change
Pressure lowers entropy while heating raises it.
\(\Delta s=\int c_p(T)\frac{dT}{T}-R\ln(P_2/P_1)\)
Base documentalÇengel & Boles, 7th edition · SI appendices A-1 to A-28
USCS conversionA-1E to A-27E, via exact factors from the SI base
AlcancePreliminary design, teaching and independent verification
Engineering FAQ
Preguntas frecuentes
Why use kelvin or rankine?+
Second-law relations require absolute temperature.
Can the COP be greater than one?+
Yes; it measures heat transferred per unit of work, not the conversion of work into work.
What does Sgen=0 mean?+
It represents an ideal reversible limit.